Influences of Maternal Diabetes on Fetal Heart Development :

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High Blood Sugar during pregnancy is related with congenital heart defects, which is one of the most Rare Cardiac Disorder. Congenital heart defects or diseases are the complications with the heart’s structure that are available during childbirth. They might change the normal flow of blood through the heart. These are the most widely recognized kind of birth defect. There are various types of congenital heart defects. The most well-known defects involve the inside walls of the heart, the valves of the heart, or the large blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart. Particular defects require no treatment, but some require treatment soon after birth. Because analysis and treatment of congenital heart defects has developed, more babies are surviving and now many adults are living with congenital heart defects.
          Congenital heart disease is the (CHD) consequence of a complex relations between genetic and non-genetic, or "environmental factors working on the fetus. The environmental factors are a very dynamic region of investigations. One of those environmental factors is maternal hyperglycaemia. On the growth of the fetal heart, potential gene-environmental influences in that context are effective. During hyperglycemic conditions, it is probable to combine cellular and molecular variations in the developing heart with new high-throughput genomic technologies. By doing this we can be mechanically characterized to these risks and even single-cell levels. Opening these cellular mysteries opens the way to potential involvement to decrease the risk of developing embryos that grow CHD.
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with particular CHD subtypes. Babies born with Type 1 diabetes were more concerned with congenital abnormalities and atrioventricular septal defects. The individuals who are born with Type 2 diabetes have the maximum danger of hepatotoxicity and there are blocking alterations in the ventricular leakage path. The two kinds of maternal diabetes also increased the possibility of other types of CHD in babies, in which the right ventricular leakage path barrier blocking alterations and ventricular septal defects are at lower levels.

Causes
Followings are the things that causes congenital heart defects –
·         Problems with genes or chromosomes in the child, for example Down syndrome
·         Taking certain medicines or alcohol or drug manipulation during pregnancy
·         A viral contamination, similar to rubella in the mother in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Symptoms
Generally it is detected during pregnancy ultrasound.If doctor hears an abnormal heartbeat, then further they may proceeding by performing certain tests that include; echocardiogram, a chest X-ray or an MRI scan. In some cases, the symptoms may not appear until shortly after birth. newborns with heart defects may experience,
·         Bluish lips, skin, fingers and toes
·         Breathlessness or trouble breathing
·         Feeding difficulties
·         Delayed growth
·         Low birth weight
·         Chest pain 

Diabetes is a complex disease, which happens in metabolism with abnormal homeostasis of numerous components, which ultimately leads to the overall metabolic syndrome. Even with this complexity, hyperglycemia has been well-defined as the primary teratogen in all forms of diabetes. In fact, birth defects in maternal hyperglycemia because of babies are as yet obscure.


The primary molecular mechanism, by which changes in the level of maternal glucose causes congenital heart defects, is effectively under examination. We presume that this gene-environmental interaction is associated to the deformation of precise epigenetic processes in the fetal heart. Eventually, we hope that these risks can be interpreted into genetically tested mothers for environmental risk factors and their children's cardiac regulatory genes. We estimate that these genetic alterations will work as a risk factor for the progress of CHD in high-risk populations, for example, those with diabetes.


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